However, few studies have implemented these important functions. These additional functions of the wings are key factors for the adaptability of insects, because they enable a combination of excellent flight ability with other locomotion methods, such as walking and crawling. Furthermore, most insect wings have flight functions as well as various other functions represented by folding 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 and coupling 42, 43. Therefore, flapping wings are much more difficult to design and manufacture than fixed and rotary wings. They deform flexibly while interfering with the surrounding air during flapping, producing a useful aerodynamic effect 12, 13, 14, 31. Insect wings are sophisticated membrane structures that are supported by frames with complicated patterns 19, 21, 22, 23, 24 that cause complex stiffness distribution and anisotropy 31.
A major problem is the difficulty in reproducing complex mechanical properties and various functions in insect wings. Researchers have proposed various types of flapping micro air vehicles (MAVs) 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 however, the abilities of MAVs are limited compared to those of real insects. Among them, the excellent flight ability of insects has been drawing particular attention 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, which is represented by the incredible maneuverability observed in dragonflies 17 or flies 15, 25 and the energy-efficient flight of butterflies during overseas migration 10, 11. Therefore, researchers have attempted to imitate various methods of insect locomotion, including walking 1, 2, 3, crawling 4, 5, 6, and jumping 7, 8, 9. Discovering the essence of their excellent environmental adaptability and locomotive ability can help broaden the human movement capabilities through the development of innovative mobility technology. Insects are the most prosperous group of terrestrial animals and have spread into nearly all environments on this planet. In coupling-type wings, the forewing and hindwing are connected to form a single large wing during flight these wings can be stored compactly by disconnecting and stacking them like cicada wings.
#Dragon fly wings 3d model free download software
The proposed crease pattern design software developed based on a beetle hindwing enables the 3D printing of foldable wings of any shape. Furthermore, we implemented two representative functions found in actual insect wings: folding and coupling. The artificial venation generation algorithm based on the centroidal Voronoi diagram, which can be observed in the wings of dragonflies, was used to design the complex mechanical properties of artificial wings. This study presents a simple integral forming method for an insect-wing-type composite structure by 3D printing wing frames directly onto thin films. Consequently, the essence of their excellent environmental adaptability and locomotive ability should be clarified a simple and versatile method to artificially reproduce the complex structure and various functions of these innumerable types of wings is necessary. Insects have acquired various types of wings over their course of evolution and have become the most successful terrestrial animals.
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